Module 3: Health and Environment
Summary: Air and Land Pollution
Key points
- Air pollution: factories and cars release fumes; this causes smog, acid rain and damage to the ozone layer.
- Land pollution: people dump waste, solvents and glues; chemicals go into the soil.
- Health effects: breathing problems, headaches, skin rashes.
- Inflammable products (paints, solvents, glues) can catch fire easily.
- Tell events in order: first, then, after that, finally.
Rules to remember
Cause: because
because + cause: People cough because the air is dirty.
Result: so
cause, so + result: The air is dirty, so people cough.
Result: therefore / as a result / that’s why
New sentence + result: Glue is inflammable. Therefore, keep it away from fire. No comma after that’s why.
Sequencing
First, … Then, … After that, … Finally, … (comma after each word).
How to do it
- Find which part is the cause and which part is the result.
- Choose because (before the cause) or so / therefore / as a result / that’s why (before the result).
- Check the punctuation: comma before so; comma after Therefore and As a result.
Example
First, the factory released fumes. Then, smog covered the town. As a result, many people had breathing problems.
Common mistakes
- ❌ Because the air is dirty. ➡️ ✅ People cough because the air is dirty.
- ❌ The sea is dirty so ships spill oil. ➡️ ✅ Ships spill oil, so the sea is dirty.
- ❌ It rained, therefore, so … ➡️ ✅ one linker only.
Key words
Summary written by سكولار for quick revision: it does not replace the lesson and its exercises.